It can be said the neural networks (specially in their sophisticated forms) account for such abstract recoding, but this is not fully satisfactory, because there is just one network in the model; a different approach is to use layers of neural networks, where the higher level takes as inputs the patterns of the lower, sensory, layers (Sun, 2006), but up to now this is done " by hand " . Still another approach, of Vygotskian inspiration, views in the use of public symbols the key to understand cognitive, abstract recoding (Gomila, 2012), but the application of this approach within artificial cognitive systems is just beginning. Flexible use of knowledge Extracting world regularities and contingencies would be useless unless such knowledge can guide future action in real - time in an uncertain environment. This may require in the end, as anticipated above, behavioral unpredictability, which is a property than runs contrary to the technical requirements of robustness and reliability for artificial systems (to guarantee safety, as the principal engineer ' s command). The critical issue for flexibility is related to how the knowledge is " stored " (see previous section), and therefore, how it is accessed. The major roadblock to carry this out - regardless of approach - is again combinatorial explosion, whether at the level of propositional representations, as in classical AI, or at the level of degrees of freedom for the control of actuators. But it is also a problem to " judge ", in a given situation, which one is the best one to categorize it, given what the system knows.

After publishing my third book in early April, I kept encountering headlines that made me feel like the protagonist of some Black Mirror episode. "Vauhini Vara consulted ChatGPT to help craft her new book'Searches,'" one of them read. "To tell her own story, this acclaimed novelist turned to ChatGPT," said another. "Vauhini Vara examines selfhood with assistance from ChatGPT," went a third. The publications describing Searches this way were reputable and fact-based.

The suspension by the BBC of Gary Lineker, a well-known footballer-turned-broadcaster, over a tweet comparing the United Kingdom's new immigration bill with 1930s' Nazi Germany, is exposing the double standards in British journalism and politics. Afghan journalists are paying with their lives in the power struggle between the Taliban and ISIL (ISIS). Producer Flo Phillips looks into the targeted explosion that marked Afghanistan's National Journalism Day. Are you OK with AI? Artificial intelligence is not exactly new, but it is having a blockbuster few months with constantly developing software that can do much more than responding to instructions. Producer Ahmed Madi explains the potential of AI and how it might transform the media you consume.

Welcome to AI book reviews, a series of posts that explore the latest literature on artificial intelligence. Is it the capacity to solve complicated mathematical problems at very fast speeds? The power to beat world champions in chess and go? The ability to detect thousands of different objects in images? Those are all manifestations of intelligence. And thanks to advances in artificial intelligence, we have been able to replicate them in computers, to different degrees of success.

As AI and robotics develop side by side, the medium-term future will see infant-like robots that can learn for themselves and crow-like machine intelligences that can teach themselves to use tools, claims a leading AI researcher. But their progress will go far beyond there. In 2018, most people are worried that AI and robotics might automate their jobs and leave them scrabbling in the gig economy for a regular wage. But one AI expert believes that the technologies' ambitions are much bigger than that: in the centuries ahead, AI and robots will "emigrate" from Earth and communicate with each other across the universe, he says. But long before then, general artificial intelligences will emerge that can be taught like human children, and which can teach themselves about how the world works through "power play" and "artificial curiosity", he said.

The cellist Jan Vogler famously claimed that art is what makes us human. But what if machines start making art too? Here's an example of a piece of art made by an artificial intelligence (AI): On the right side of the picture is a computer running an AI that has been trained with images of graffiti. It controls a plotting head that sprays water onto concrete blocks, on the left. The resulting patterns are a form of computer-generated art. Is this fine art in the true sense?

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